Kirjoittaja Aihe: Being a Woman in China Today: A demography of gender  (Luettu 250 kertaa)

Being a Woman in China Today: A demography of gender



After three decades of Communism followed by three decades of economic liberalism, Chinese society remains, in many ways, very attached to its social and family traditions.1 In recent years, however, it has shown a remarkable faculty for adaptation to the process of globalisation in which it is now a stakeholder. Since they can prove difficult to interpret, the transformations that have affected China since the 1980s are sometimes perplexing. It is not always easy to distinguish between changes that are part of the continuity of longstanding social practices, and others, sometimes sudden, that ultimately prove to be ad hoc expressions in reaction to the new constraints and opportunities imposed by socio-economic changes and a globalised society. The analysis of social, just as much as economic and political, transformations is moreover sometimes so delicate that it quite rightly leads us to conclude that a paradox exists.To get more news about traditional chinese women, you can visit shine news official website.

2The attitude of Chinese society towards women, which also displays its quota of paradoxes, testifies to this duality – itself all the more complex since it remains marked by the search for equality between the sexes that prevailed during the Communist parenthesis. Nonetheless, understanding and measuring transformations in the status of women since the economic reforms remains essential if we are to arrive at a more global understanding of contemporary Chinese society, its representations, and the changes it is experiencing. In fact, the place given to women, measured by various indicators relating to education, employment, demography, and health, is a generally reliable indicator of the radical changes affecting society. Yet this is a paradox in itself: although in certain respects, notably regarding education and health, improvements in the situation of Chinese women in the absolute are indisputable, in others, their relationships with men remain all the more unequal for being part of a demographic context that is unfavourable to them, thereby testifying to an unquestionable deterioration in certain aspects of their situation.

3The aim of this article is to draw up a socio-demographic inventory of the situation of Chinese women in the prevailing early twenty‑first century context of demographic, economic, and social transition on the one hand, and on the other hand, to draw attention to the paradoxical effects of these transitions, whilst taking into account the diversity of the realities the women are experiencing. In conclusion, the article will raise the possibility of changes in gender relationships in China, where there are, and will continue to be, fewer women than men, particularly in adulthood. The article is based mainly on the partial results of three surveys on the social status of women (Zhongguo funü shehui diwei chouyang diaocha) carried out jointly by the Federation of Chinese women and the National Office of Statistics in 1990, 2000, and 2010. These surveys (referred to here as ACWF-1990, ACWF-2000, and ACWF-2010),3 organised with the specific aim of measuring inequality between the sexes and gender differences, paint a wide-ranging picture of the social realities experienced by Chinese women over the last two decades.4 These quantitative surveys, the only ones to exist on the subject, nonetheless present limitations related to the closed questionnaire collection method. Although they do not provide all the explanations, they nonetheless enable us to understand the processes at work on the question of women and gender relationships. The data from these surveys will occasionally be supplemented by that taken from other sources, notably the 1990, 2000, and 2010 censuses.
China is one of the world’s developing countries in which demands for the emancipation of women and the struggle for equality between the sexes are both among the most longstanding of political concerns – the first movements in favour of women date back to the mid‑nineteenth century5 – and the most in evidence today. As early as the 1950s, concrete action was organised in favour of the development of women’s work outside the home and for the equality of spouses within the family.6 China was also one of the first countries to ratify, in 1980, the United Nations International Convention on the elimination of all forms of discrimination against women (CEDAW).

5The relatively early mobilisation of the state and civil society partly explains why China now possesses a solid body of legislation for the defence of the rights and interests of women. Thanks to the 1954 Constitution, followed by that of 1982, the law gives men and women equal rights: “Women have the same rights as men in all spheres of political, economic, cultural, and social life, including family life.”7 This equality of rights and the fight against discrimination have, moreover, been regularly confirmed, mainly in successive laws on marriage, by the “Law on the Protection of Rights and Interests of Women“ (1992) and the “Law on Maternal and Infant Health Care“ (1994).8

6International initiatives in favour of the autonomy of women and equality between the sexes are not unrelated to this major mobilisation on the part of China, however. In particular, the Chinese government quickly understood that the legitimacy of the country in the front ranks of world powers was dependent on its adherence to important international principles, notably those relating to the rights of women, and that it was important to support the pursuit of gender equality in order to ensure harmonious, sustainable development within the globalisation process. Besides this, in the 1990s, the government recognised that some women had remained on the sidelines of the modernisation process and that subsequent to the economic reforms their situations had become very uneven, depending on where they lived and their social class, especially with regard to their needs in terms of subsistence and the development and preservation of their rights and interests. The Chinese government therefore rapidly echoed the United Nations International Conference on Population and Development (Cairo, 1994) and the 4th World Conference on Women (Beijing, 1995), which marked a decisive step in the promotion of the status of women in the world,9 as did the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs).10 The rights and interests of women and their equality with men were from then on permanently on the political agenda, notably through three successive programs for the development of women (Zhongguo funü fazhan gangyao) launched from 1995 onward.11 Lastly, the political objective of reducing social and economic inequalities, which since the 2000s has been an important element in the development of a “harmonious society” (hexie shehui), may also benefit women, in particular by ensuring a more rigorous application of the laws that protect them and by facilitating access to health, education, social security cover, and employment, etc.12

7The Chinese government’s stance on the rights of women and equality between the sexes has not, however, put an end to traditional stereotypes of the roles and duties of men and women within the family and society – far from it – or to the often very unequal situations these stereotypes generate, in particular since the economic reforms.13 In 1994, a State Council (1994) document stipulated: “China subscribes to the principle of equality between the sexes set down in the United Nations Charter and promises to respect it. The government is convinced that equality between the sexes will become a reality to the extent that women will be able to participate in development as equal partners of men.”14 A decade later, however, the Chinese government recognised that “deep-seated inequalities continue to exist between regions regarding the status of women, traditional sexual stereotypes persist, the rights of women are ignored in many places, [and that] a great deal of work remains to be done to improve the situation of Chinese women if their equality with men is to become a reality.”15 As recently as 2011, the further deterioration of the sex ratio at birth revealed by the sixth census (2010), the consequence of massive discrimination against girls, led President Hu Jintao to confirm that significant inequalities between the sexes persist

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